Table 1 Effect of silver nanoparticles on fertilization cumulative time of Hydroides elegans
Developmental stages | Control in sea water (min) | Mean time in minutes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration of silver nanoparticles expressed in nanomolar (nM) | ||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
Fertilization membrane | 4.56 ± 0.35 | 5.31 ± 0.07 | 5.69 ± 0.31 | 6.65 ± 0.34* | 7.04 ± 0.40* | 7.55 ± 0.48* |
2 cell | 29.58 ± 0.61 | 30.41 ± 1.03 | 31.31 ± 0.83 | 32.48 ± 0.48* | 41.25 ± 0.87* | 44.56 ± 0.58* |
4 cell | 49.46 ± 1.01 | 50.45 ± 1.10 | 51.28 ± 0.81 | 51.57 ± 0.44* | 53.1 ± 0.05* | – |
8 cell | 59.02 ± 1.03 | 59.53 ± 0.90 | 60.02 ± 0.61 | 61.06 ± 0.63* | 62.26 ± 0.17* | – |
16 cell | 59.51 ± 0.51 | 60.10 ± 0.05 | 60.17 ± 0.07 | 73.13 ± 0.58* | 80.53 ± 0.54* | – |
64 cell | 83.31 ± 0.75 | 90.46 ± 0.90* | 96.46 ± 1.05* | 100.54 ± 1.63* | 115.53 ± 0.54* | – |
Blastula | 113.04 ± 0.73 | 126.46 ± 0.56* | 146.59 ± .60* | 168.06 ± 0.50* | – | – |
Rotation stage | 139.28 ± 1.20 | 155.02 ± 0.64* | 180.33 ± 0.52* | 208.56 ± 0.44* | – | – |
Larval | 1328.33 ± 7.63 | 1445.19 ± 2.71* | 1518.48 ± 5.43* | – | – | – |