Variables | Experimental groups | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | II | III | IV | V | |
Calcium levels (mg/dL) | 10.24 ± 0.16bc | 8.58 ± 0.15a | 12.38 ± 0.14d | 10.58 ± 0.19c | 9.92 ± 0.09b |
– | (− 16.2%)# | (+ 44.3%)¶ | (+ 23.3%)¶ | (+ 15.6%)¶ | |
 | rd = − 0.93, P < 0.001 | ||||
Vitamin A levels (μg/dL) | 35.93 ± 1.20b | 24.62 ± 0.91a | 65.22 ± 3.81e | 52.78 ± 1.75d | 39.08 ± 0.87c |
– | (− 31.5%)# | (+ 165%)¶ | (+ 114%)¶ | (+ 58.7%)¶ | |
 | rd = − 0.91, P < 0.001 | ||||
Vitamin E levels (μg/dL) | 18.03 ± 0.32b | 13.31 ± 0.71a | 62.78 ± 0.78e | 49.74 ± 0.55d | 46.20 ± 0.49c |
– | (− 26.2%)# | (+ 372%)¶ | (+ 274%)¶ | (+ 247%)¶ | |
 | rd = − 0.94, P < 0.001 | ||||
MDA levels (nmol/mL) | 0.36 ± 0.02a | 1.39 ± 0.18c | 1.34 ± 0.15c | 0.73 ± 0.02b | 0.38 ± 0.02a |
– | (+ 286%)# | (− 3.6%)¶ | (− 47.5%)¶ | (− 72.7%)¶ | |
 | rd = − 0.91, P < 0.001 | ||||
GSH content (mg/dL) | 27.37 ± 0.66b | 15.16 ± 1.04a | 15.40 ± 1.12a | 25.89 ± 1.71b | 27.28 ± 0.83b |
– | (− 44.9%)# | (+ 1.6%)¶ | (+ 70.8%)¶ | (+ 79.9%)¶ | |
 | rd = + 0.83, P < 0.001 | ||||
SOD activity (U/L) | 363.20 ± 5.70b | 264.43 ± 7.87a | 266.40 ± 8.18a | 346.63 ± 24.50b | 342.81 ± 9.38b |
– | (− 27.2%)# | (+ 0.7%)¶ | (+ 31.1%)¶ | (+ 29.6%)¶ | |
 | rd = + 0.64, P < 0.05 |