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Table 7 The serum levels of calcium, vitamins A and E, and malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as erythrocyte content of glutathione (GSH) and activity of Superoxide dismutase (SOD) of all the experimental groups, at the end of the experiments

From: Ameliorative role of a combination of chitosan, calcium, vitamins A and E against high fat diets-induced adverse effects in rats

Variables

Experimental groups

I

II

III

IV

V

Calcium levels (mg/dL)

10.24 ± 0.16bc

8.58 ± 0.15a

12.38 ± 0.14d

10.58 ± 0.19c

9.92 ± 0.09b

–

(− 16.2%)#

(+ 44.3%)¶

(+ 23.3%)¶

(+ 15.6%)¶

 

rd = − 0.93, P < 0.001

Vitamin A levels (μg/dL)

35.93 ± 1.20b

24.62 ± 0.91a

65.22 ± 3.81e

52.78 ± 1.75d

39.08 ± 0.87c

–

(− 31.5%)#

(+ 165%)¶

(+ 114%)¶

(+ 58.7%)¶

 

rd = − 0.91, P < 0.001

Vitamin E levels (μg/dL)

18.03 ± 0.32b

13.31 ± 0.71a

62.78 ± 0.78e

49.74 ± 0.55d

46.20 ± 0.49c

–

(− 26.2%)#

(+ 372%)¶

(+ 274%)¶

(+ 247%)¶

 

rd = − 0.94, P < 0.001

MDA levels (nmol/mL)

0.36 ± 0.02a

1.39 ± 0.18c

1.34 ± 0.15c

0.73 ± 0.02b

0.38 ± 0.02a

–

(+ 286%)#

(− 3.6%)¶

(− 47.5%)¶

(− 72.7%)¶

 

rd = − 0.91, P < 0.001

GSH content (mg/dL)

27.37 ± 0.66b

15.16 ± 1.04a

15.40 ± 1.12a

25.89 ± 1.71b

27.28 ± 0.83b

–

(− 44.9%)#

(+ 1.6%)¶

(+ 70.8%)¶

(+ 79.9%)¶

 

rd = + 0.83, P < 0.001

SOD activity (U/L)

363.20 ± 5.70b

264.43 ± 7.87a

266.40 ± 8.18a

346.63 ± 24.50b

342.81 ± 9.38b

–

(− 27.2%)#

(+ 0.7%)¶

(+ 31.1%)¶

(+ 29.6%)¶

 

rd = + 0.64, P < 0.05

  1. Data is displayed as mean ± standard error of mean. P < 0.05 and P < 0.001 represent significant correlations. In the same raw, values marked with similar superscript letters are insignificantly different (P > 0.05), whereas those marked with different ones are statistically different (P < 0.05)
  2. rd: correlation coefficient between the studied variables and the administered doses of chitosan, I: control rats, II: rats fed HFD without supplements, III: rats fed HFD + supplements, IV: rats fed HFD + supplements + 400 mg chitosan and V: rats fed HFD + supplements + 800 mg chitosan
  3. #Percent of change in comparison to the group I
  4. ¶Percent of change in comparison to the group II