A comparative bioefficacy of seed and root extracts of a medicinal plant, Withania somnifera when administered to prepupae of lepidopteran insects, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Pericallia ricini (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology

Table 1 Topical administration of seed extracts of Withania somnifera on prepupal stage of Spodoptera litura (n = 20; replicate = 3)

Dose (μg)	Prepupal duration (Mean ± SE)	Pupal-adult ecdysis (Mean ± SE)	Mortality (%)	Ecdysial failure (%)	Larval-pupal intermediates (%)	Pupation (%)	Abnormal pupae (%)	Pupal-adult intermediates (%)	Adult emergence (%)	Normal adults (%)	Adultoids (%)
0	0.56 ± 0.04	7.52 ± 0.07	0	0	0	100	0	0	100	100	0
5	1.15 ± 0.09^a	8.23 ± 0.30^b	2	43	8	47	2	8	37	20	17
10	1.24 ± 0.11^a	8.33 ± 0.40^b	5	48	15	32	2	5	25	10	15
15	1.31 ± 0.10^a	8.31 ± 0.35^b	8	52	8	32	2	8	22	12	10
20	1.40 ± 0.11^a	8.40 ± 0.37^b	23	41	13	23	2	5	16	5	11
	(r = + 0.87)	(r = + 0.80)	(r = + 0.90)	(r = + 0.68)	(r = + 0.71)	(r = −0.86)	(r = + 0.71)	(r = + 0.48)	(r = − 0.84)	(r = − 0.79)	(r = + 0.36)