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Table 5 Comparison of fiber patterns, origin, and insertion of lingual muscles

From: A comparative anatomy of the lingual apparatus of Indian doves (genus: Streptopelia and Stigmatopelia), Aves: Columbidae

Muscle

Streptopelia decaocto

Stigmatopelia senegalensis

Fiber patterns

Origin by

Insertion by

Fiber patterns

Origin by

Insertion by

M.iv

Parallel origin and insertion

Extensive fleshy fibers

Extensive fleshy fibers

-

-

-

M.id

Parallel origin and insertion

Fleshy fibers

Broad fleshy fibers

-

-

-

M.styh

Parallel origin and insertion

Fleshy fibers

Fleshy fibers

-

-

-

M.sph

Pinnate Parallel origin

Fleshy fibers

Fleshy fibers

-

-

-

M.g

Pinnate Parallel origin and insertion

Broad fleshy fibers

Broad fleshy fibers

-

-

-

M.bm

Pinnate Parallel origin

Broad fleshy fibers

Extensive fleshy fibers

-

Fleshy fibers

-

M.ib

Pinnate Parallel origin and insertion

Broad fleshy fibers

Narrow fleshy fibers

-

Fleshy fibers

-

M.cg

Parallel pinnate origin

Extensive fleshy fibers

Long aponeurosis tendon

-

Extensive fleshy fibers

-

M.hrcr

Pinnate Parallel origin

Fleshy fibers

Fleshy fibers merge in aponeurosis

-

-

-

M.hrca

Pinnate Parallel origin

Fleshy fibers

Fleshy fibers merge in facia

-

-

-

M.ho

Parallel origin and pinnate insertion

Fleshy fibers

Fleshy fibers

-

-

-

M.ch

Pinnate origin

Fleshy fibers

Fleshy fibers

-

-

-

M.sth

Parallel pinnate origin

Broad fleshy fibers

Fleshy fibers

-

-

-

M.trh

Parallel pinnate origin

Broad fleshy fibers

Narrow fleshy fibers

-

-

-

  1. -Denotes similar description, fleshy fibers indicate the width is = or > 3 mm, broad fleshy fibers’ width is < 3 mm, extensive fleshy fibers’ width is < 7 mm, similar consideration for the length of the aponeurosis tendon as short, long, and longer