Fig. 2
From: Recent studies on probiotics as beneficial mediator in aquaculture: a review
Diagrammatic presentation of the summary of information gathered from the studies on different aquatic organisms to explain the possible role of probiotics in aquaculture system. Probiotics improve (indicated by upwards arrow) body weight, digestion rate, surface area of microvilli, antioxidative enzymes, stress tolerance, immune response, fecundity, fertilization of the host, as well as water quality of the aquatic environment. It also downregulates (indicated by downwards arrow) pathogenic bacteria and their enteric colonization, viral activity, cortisol level in host organisms. But the effects of probiotics on the reproductive axis of aquatic animals are still lacking (indicated by question mark). Ag antigen, CAT catalase, DC dendritic cell, GnIH gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone, GnRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone, GPx glutathione peroxidase, GtH gonadotropin, Ig immunoglobulin, IGF-I insulin-like growth factor-I, IHNV infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, MAMPs microbial-associated molecular patterns, PRR pathogen pattern recognition receptors, SOD superoxide dismutase