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Table 1 Effects of water pH and hardness levels on the duration of the development and growth rate of Culex quinquefasciatus

From: Quantifying the roles of water pH and hardness levels in development and biological fitness indices of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae)

Physico-chemical parameter

Concentration

Stage duration (days)

Larvae

Pupae

Total

pH levels

4.0

11.69 ± 0.04e*

0.76 ± 0.16a

12.46 ± 0.50f

5.0

8.76 ± 1.97c

0.82 ± 0.09a

9.58 ± 1.92d

6.0

8.19 ± 0.93b

0.82 ± 0.06a

9.01 ± 0.94c

7.0

6.68 ± 0.75a

0.83 ± 0.11a

7.51 ± 0.81a

8.0

7.83 ± 0.74ab

0.79 ± 0.06a

8.62 ± 0.74b

9.0

9.81 ± 0.94d

0.84 ± 0.08a

10.65 ± 0.96e

10.0

12.54 ± 0.34f

0.87 ± 0.29a

13.41 ± 0.46g

Hardness regimen (mg/L CaCO3)

0

6.96 ± 0.30a

1.17 ± 0.01a

8.13 ± 0.30a

30

8.33 ± 0.19b

1.16 ± 0.07a

9.46 ± 0.16b

90

9.20 ± 0.14c

1.25 ± 0.01ab

10.45 ± 0.13c

150

10.87 ± 0.18d

1.33 ± 0.11b

12.20 ± 0.24d

210

15.85 ± 0.40e

1.48 ± 0.05c

17.33 ± 0.45e

  1. * Within a column for a physico-chemical parameter, means (± SD) followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p < 0.05 according to Duncan multiple range test following analysis of variance (ANOVA)