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Table 2 Comparative means* (± SE) of physico-chemical parameters in the culture system during the exposure period

From: Assessment of the growth performance and haematological indices of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings exposed to soap effluent

Parameters

Homogenous effluent concentrations (%)

0%

0.32%

0.66%

1.31%

2.63%

pH

6.64 ± 0.05a

6.69 ± 0.07a

6.73 ± 0.07a

6.79 ± 0.07a

7.02 ± 0.06b

Temperature (℃)

26.57 ± 0.35a

26.51 ± 0.26a

26.49 ± 0.29a

26.47 ± 0.35a

26.43 ± 0.31a

Conductivity (µs/cm)

222.33 ± 17.30a

231.01 ± 17.38a

239.51 ± 17.96a

248.82 ± 17.95a

260.79 ± 19.14b

Dissolved oxygen (DO)

4.90 ± 0.73b

4.43 ± 0.66b

4.00 ± 0.64b

3.43 ± 0.59a

3.11 ± 0.59a

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) (mg/L)

13.08 ± 2.72a

18.90 ± 3.37b

17.46 ± 3.10b

17.85 ± 2.15b

21.56 ± 3.73c

Alkalinity (CaCO3 mg/L)

54.67 ± 9.51a

53.50 ± 9.49a

65.17 ± 13.70b

65.00 ± 13.39b

87.83 ± 13.16c

Acidity (CaCO3 mg/L)

16.50 ± 3.45a

23.76 ± 6.76b

21.84 ± 6.26b

21.01 ± 5.85b

30.18 ± 9.22c

Total dissolved solids (TDS) (mg/L)

126.33 ± 10.64a

131.59 ± 11.45b

135.95 ± 10.64b

141.30 ± 10.63c

146.42 ± 11.74c

Chloride (mg/L)

12.36 ± 2.04b

12.23 ± 1.13b

10.88 ± 1.89a

10.87 ± 1.89a

12.89 ± 1.98b

Calcium (mg/L)

24.25 ± 1.54a

22.70 ± 1.49a

23.58 ± 1.31a

25.65 ± 1.42a

25.72 ± 2.09a

Magnesium (mg/L)

10.59 ± 0.45a

10.12 ± 0.19a

12.45 ± 1.20c

10.39 ± 0.33a

11.15 ± 1.26b

Phosphate (mg/L)

0.07 ± 002a

0.46 ± 0.13c

0.39 ± 0.05c

0.26 ± 0.04b

0.34 ± 0.12c

Sulphate (mg/L)

0.19 ± 0.03a

0.39 ± 0.05b

0.27 ± 0.01b

0.36 ± 0.06b

0.37 ± 0.08b

Nitrate (mg/L)

0.27 ± 0.08a

0.57 ± 0.15b

1.05 ± 0.45c

0.60 ± 0.17b

0.51 ± 0.17b

  1. *Column mean values for each parameter with different superscripts are significantly different at p < 0.05
  2. The * is a note to the usable of the superscript