Table 1 Natural enemies of H. armigera in Ethiopia
Bio-agents | Species/genus | Order: family | Host stage parasitized | Efficacy level | Crop/host | Geographical location | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parasitoids | Trichogramma spp. | Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae | Egg | 12% | Cotton | Ethiopia | Alemayehu et al. (2002) |
Telenomus spp. | Hymenoptera: Scelionidae | Ethiopia | Alemayehu et al. (2002) | ||||
Apanteles spp. | Hymenoptera: Braconidae | Larval | 61.1% | Cotton | Ethiopia | Alemayehu et al. (2002) | |
– | Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae | Larval | 29.9% | Cotton | Ethiopia | Alemayehu et al. (2002) | |
– | Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae | Larval | 5–10% | Different crops | Ethiopia | Seid and Tebkew (2002) | |
– | Diptera: Tachinidae | Larval | 10% |  | Ethiopia | Alemayehu et al. (2002) | |
Drino sp. | Diptera: Tachinidae | Larval | 8.1% | Chickpea | Ethiopia | Fite et al. (2021) | |
Goniophthalmus halli | Diptera: Tachinidae | Larval | 7.1% | Chickpea | Ethiopia | Fite et al. (2021) | |
Linnaemya cf. longirostris | Diptera: Tachinidae | Larval | 6.4% | Chickpea | Ethiopia | Fite et al. (2021) | |
Pimelimyia sp | Diptera: Tachinidae | Larval | 5.46% | Chickpea | Ethiopia | Fite et al. (2021) | |
Charops sp. | Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae | Larval | 6% | Chickpea | Ethiopia | Fite et al. (2021) | |
Predators | Bugs, ladybird beetles, and some spiders | – | – | – | – | Ethiopia | EARO (2000) |
Tiphia sp. | Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae | – | – | – | Ethiopia | Abate (1991) |