Fig. 7

Multiple-site dissimilarities across the five studied vegetation or land use types based on bird species composition. Shown are the partitioning of total dissimilarity (β_SOR-black solid line) into species turnover or replacement (β_SIM-dashed line) and nestedness (β_SNE-grey solid line) components (a) average clustering of β_SIM (b) and β_SNE (c) components of species dissimilarity among the vegetation or land use types and comparison of the square root transformed β_SIM and β_SNE components of β_SOR between the year 2019 and 2021 for the study area by vegetation or land use type (d)