Table 6 The percentage of DNA damage (%DNA), tail length (TL), and tail moment (TM), after 1, 7, and 14 days in the brain, liver, and kidneys of control rats (I), and those administered 0.5 g and 1.0 g of NiO-NPs (II and III), 0.5 g and 1.0 g of Co₃O₄-NPs (IV and V) as well as mixtures of NiO-NPs + Co₃O₄-NPs (0.25 g + 0.25 g, VI) and (0.5 g + 0.5 g, VII) per kilogram body weight, respectively

1

19.15 ± 0.26^a

27.82 ± 0.41^e

30.21 ± 0.29^f

26.01 ± 0.49^d

24.12 ± 0.42^c

22.64 ± 0.15^b

22.35 ± 0.17^b

7

19.58 ± 0.53^a

24.65 ± 0.14^c*

27.35 ± 0.07^d*

24.52 ± 0.11^c*

22.52 ± 0.43^b*

22.21 ± 0.39^b

22.05 ± 0.19^b

14

19.41 ± 1.48^a

22.58 ± 0.14^b*#

25.25 ± 0.47^c*#

22.64 ± 0.36^b*#

20.43 ± 0.18^a*#

20.61 ± 0.15^a*#

20.31 ± 0.26^a*#

1

20.47 ± 0.41^a

27.67 ± 0.32^d

30.75 ± 0.43^e

27.38 ± 0.07^d

26.51 ± 0.20^c

24.37 ± 0.17^b

24.26 ± 0.59^b

7

20.46 ± 0.33^a

26.03 ± 0.23^e*

28.32 ± 0.67^f*

24.28 ± 0.08^d*

22.65 ± 0.20^c*

22.07 ± 0.33^b*

21.36 ± 0.24^b*

14

20.12 ± 0.52^a

21.58 ± 0.14^b*#

25.67 ± 0.80^c*#

22.33 ± 0.17^b*#

21.44 ± 0.25^ab*#

20.28 ± 0.64^a*#

20.16 ± 0.58^a*

1

20.76 ± 0.40^a

28.36 ± 0.04^e

31.20 ± 0.25^f

28.50 ± 0.22^e

26.25 ± 0.06^d

25.37 ± 0.23^c

23.96 ± 0.27^b

7

21.26 ± 0.33^a

27.15 ± 0.28^d*

29.57 ± 0.62^e*

27.34 ± 0.34^d*

24.51 ± 0.04^c*

24.06 ± 0.08^c*

22.44 ± 0.37^b*

14

21.27 ± 0.64^a

25.12 ± 0.41^c*#

26.30 ± 0.17^d*#

24.40 ± 0.18^c*#

22.51 ± 0.25^b*#

22.91 ± 0.39^b*#

21.16 ± 0.02^a*#

1

1.01 ± 0.12^a

1.75 ± 0.05^c

1.99 ± 0.03^d

1.71 ± 0.01^c

1.69 ± 0.01^c

1.64 ± 0.01^c

1.56 ± 0.03^b

7

1.03 ± 0.11^a

1.55 ± 0.02^c*

1.78 ± 0.01^d*

1.54 ± 0.03^c*

1.47 ± 0.01^c*

1.48 ± 0.01^c*

1.36 ± 0.01^b*

14

0.99 ± 0.08^a

1.41 ± 0.01^c*#

1.53 ± 0.01^d*#

1.42 ± 0.02^c*#

1.27 ± 0.01^b*#

1.25 ± 0.03^b*#

1.20 ± 0.01^b*#

1

1.25 ± 0.02^a

1.81 ± 0.01^c

2.07 ± 0.11^d

1.95 ± 0.03^d

1.73 ± 0.02^c

1.66 ± 0.03^c

1.54 ± 0.02^b

7

1.25 ± 0.01^a

1.72 ± 0.02^d*

1.85 ± 0.02^e*

1.85 ± 0.01^e*

1.52 ± 0.01^c*

1.52 ± 0.01^c*

1.35 ± 0.02^b*

14

1.26 ± 0.04^a

1.56 ± 0.02^c*#

1.71 ± 0.01^d*

1.46 ± 0.01^b*#

1.25 ± 0.01^a*#

1.28 ± 0.01^a*#

1.24 ± 0.02^a*#

1

1.10 ± 0.05^a

1.77 ± 0.01^d

1.97 ± 0.02^e

1.83 ± 0.02^d

1.63 ± 0.03^c

1.57 ± 0.01^c

1.42 ± 0.01^b

7

1.08 ± 0.01^a

1.62 ± 0.02^e*

1.83 ± 0.01^f*

1.66 ± 0.02^e*

1.54 ± 0.03^d

1.40 ± 0.01^c*

1.28 ± 0.01^b*

14

1.11 ± 0.07^a

1.38 ± 0.01^c*#

1.62 ± 0.01^e*#

1.53 ± 0.01^d*#

1.37 ± 0.02^c*#

1.23 ± 0.02^b*#

1.17 ± 0.02^a*#

1

0.19 ± 0.02^a

0.49 ± 0.01^d

0.60 ± 0.01^e

0.47 ± 0.01^d

0.39 ± 0.01^c

0.35 ± 0.01^c

0.33 ± 0.01^b

7

0.20 ± 0.03^a

0.38 ± 0.01^d*

0.49 ± 0.01^e*

0.38 ± 0.01^d*

0.33 ± 0.02^c*

0.26 ± 0.01^b*

0.23 ± 0.01^a*

14

0.19 ± 0.03^a

0.32 ± 0.01^c*#

0.39 ± 0.01^d*#

0.32 ± 0.01^c*#

0.26 ± 0.01^b*#

0.22 ± 0.01^a*#

0.21 ± 0.01^a*

1

0.26 ± 0.01^a

0.50 ± 0.01^d

0.64 ± 0.04^e

0.51 ± 0.01^d

0.44 ± 0.01^c

0.44 ± 0.01^c

0.39 ± 0.01^b

7

0.26 ± 0.01^a

0.45 ± 0.01^d*

0.52 ± 0.01^e*

0.45 ± 0.01^d*

0.32 ± 0.01^b*

0.38 ± 0.01^c*

0.32 ± 0.01^b*

14

0.25 ± 0.01^a

0.34 ± 0.01^b*#

0.44 ± 0.02^c*

0.33 ± 0.01^b*#

0.26 ± 0.01^a*#

0.27 ± 0.01^a*#

0.26 ± 0.02^a*#

1

0.23 ± 0.01^a

0.50 ± 0.01^e

0.61 ± 0.01^f

0.52 ± 0.01^e

0.43 ± 0.01^d

0.40 ± 0.01^c

0.34 ± 0.01^b

7

0.23 ± 0.01^a

0.44 ± 0.01^e*

0.54 ± 0.01^f*

0.45 ± 0.01^e*

0.38 ± 0.01^d*

0.34 ± 0.01^c*

0.29 ± 0.01^b*

14

0.24 ± 0.02^a

0.35 ± 0.01^c*#

0.43 ± 0.01^e*#

0.37 ± 0.01^d*#

0.31 ± 0.01^b*#

0.28 ± 0.01^b*#

0.25 ± 0.01^a*#