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Table 1 The bioaccumulation of cyanide in the organs of birds exposed to cyanide directly and indirectly in feed

From: The chronic effects of cyanide on oxidative stress indices in the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus L.)

Groups

Direct exposure

Exposure via food

Organ

Group I (control)

Group II (1 mg CN−/kg bwt)

Group III (2 mg CN−/kg bwt)

Group IV (3 mg CN−/kg bwt)

Group V (1 mg CN−/kg bwt)

Group VI (2 mg CN−/kg bwt)

Group VII (3 mg CN−/kg bwt)

4 weeks exposure

 Liver

0.39 ± 0.05a

1.80 ± 0.05b

2.21 ± 0.03c

3.12 ± 0.07d

0.44 ± 0.04a

0.69 ± 0.05e

0.74 ± 0.05f

 Pancreas

0.31 ± 0.05a

1.44 ± 0.05b

1.85 ± 0.04c

2.39 ± 0.04d

0.37 ± 0.05a

0.76 ± 0.05e

1.24 ± 0.06f

 Kidney

0.36 ± 0.05a

2.13 ± 0.05b

2.72 ± 0.05c

3.15 ± 0.08d

0.53 ± 0.05a

0.78 ± 0.04e

1.17 ± 0.05f

 Brain

0.29 ± 0.05a

0.86 ± 0.05b

1.60 ± 0.04c

1.16 ± 0.04d

0.38 ± 0.05a

0.69 ± 0.05e

0.86 ± 0.07b

 Heart

0.28 ± 0.03a

0.95 ± 0.04b

1.80 ± 0.04c

2.45 ± 0.04d

0.27 ± 0.05a

0.47 ± 0.05e

0.68 ± 0.04f

8 weeks exposure

 Liver

0.36 ± 0.05a

0.89 ± 0.05b

1.71 ± 0.05c

2.84 ± 0.05d

0.32 ± 0.05a

0.53 ± 0.05e

0.89 ± 0.05b

 Pancreas

0.32 ± 0.05a

0.74 ± 0.05b

1.43 ± 0.03c

2.78 ± 0.04d

0.27 ± 0.04a

0.45 ± 0.05e

0.66 ± 0.04f

 Kidney

0.48 ± 0.03a

1.08 ± 0.04b

2.27 ± 0.04c

2.97 ± 0.05d

0.44 ± 0.04a

0.65 ± 0.05e

1.06 ± 0.05b

 Brain

0.33 ± 0.05a

0.79 ± 0.04b

1.34 ± 0.05c

1.46 ± 0.04d

0.34 ± 0.04a

0.48 ± 0.05e

0.78 ± 0.05b

 Heart

0.28 ± 0.04a

0.84 ± 0.05b

1.64 ± 0.03c

2.63 ± 0.04d

0.25 ± 0.03a

0.36 ± 0.04e

0.76 ± 0.05f

12 weeks exposure

 Liver

0.19 ± 0.04a

0.46 ± 0.04b

0.78 ± 0.05c

1.07 ± 0.05d

0.29 ± 0.08a

0.45 ± 0.05b

0.62 ± 0.06e

 Pancreas

0.08 ± 0.02a

0.18 ± 0.03b

0.30 ± 0.05c

0.56 ± 0.04d

0.09 ± 0.05a

0.08 ± 0.05a

0.16 ± 0.05b

 Kidney

0.22 ± 0.02a

0.47 ± 0.03b

0.90 ± 0.05c

1.58 ± 0.05d

0.37 ± 0.06a

0.47 ± 0.05b

0.87 ± 0.06c

 Brain

0.17 ± 0.05a

0.25 ± 0.03b

0.43 ± 0.05c

0.67 ± 0.05d

0.22 ± 0.05a

0.32 ± 0.08b

0.47 ± 0.05c

 Heart

0.12 ± 0.07a

0.41 ± 0.02b

0.65 ± 0.04c

0.78 ± 0.05d

0.18 ± 0.04a

0.27 ± 0.05e

0.38 ± 0.05b

  1. Means not sharing a common superscript (a, b, c, d, e, f) on the same row differ significantly (p < 0.05) from each other. The results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 6). The cyanide concentration is in micrograms per gram tissue for the organs and milligrams per milliter for the serum
  2. bwt body weight