A comparative bioefficacy of seed and root extracts of a medicinal plant, Withania somnifera when administered to prepupae of lepidopteran insects, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Pericallia ricini (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology

Table 2 Topical administration of root extracts of Withania somnifera on prepupal stage of Spodoptera litura (n = 20; replicate = 3)

Dose (μg)	Prepupal duration (Mean ± SE)	Pupal-adult ecdysis (Mean ± SE)	Ecdysial failure (%)	Larval-pupal intermediates (%)	Pupation (%)	Abnormal pupae (%)	Pupal-adult intermediates (%)	Adult emergence (%)	Normal adults (%)	Adultoids (%)
0	0.52 ± 0.04	7.45 ± 0.06	0	0	100	0	0	100	100	0
5	0.78 ± 0.08^c	7.74 ± 0.07^c	25	10	65	2	5	58	38	20
10	0.80 ± 0.09^c	7.77 ± 0.09^c	33	10	57	0	5	52	32	20
15	0.82 ± 0.08^c	7.80 ± 0.10^b	27	15	58	2	6	50	35	15
20	0.84 ± 0.06^b	7.88 ± 0.08^a	28	10	62	2	5	55	42	13
	(r = + 0.82)	(r = + 0.89)	(r = + 0.71)	(r = + 0.72)	(r = −0.73)	(r = + 0.58)	(r = + 0.73)	(r = − 0.74)	(r = − 0.66)	(r = + 0.40)