Plate 1
Types of deformities produced after topical administration of root extracts of Withania somnifera to 0–3-day-old third instar larvae of Sarcophaga ruficornis. (A) Normal third instar larva. (B) Normal puparium. (C) Abnormal puparium, 10 μg/μL, third instar day 0. (D) Abnormal elongated puparium, 5 μg/μL, third instar day 1. (E) Abnormal contracted puparium, 20 μg/μL, third instar day 2. (F) Twisted puparium with unsclerotized posterior part of body, 15 μg/μL, third instar day 3. (G) Abnormal elongated puparium, 10 μg/μL, third instar day 2. (H) Abnormal puparium with light brown pupal pigmentation, 15 μg/μL, third instar day 3. (I) Abnormal puparium with light brown pupal pigmentation, 20 μg/μL, third instar day 0. (J) Abnormal puparium, 5 μg/μL, third instar day 2. (K, L) Dorsal and ventral view of pupal-adult mosaic grade I, 15 μg/μL, third instar day 0. (M, N) Dorsal and ventral view of pupal-adult mosaic grade II, 20 μg/μL, third instar day 1. (O, P) Dorsal and ventral view of pupal-adult mosaic grade III, 5 μg/μL, third instar day 0. (Q, R) Dorsal and ventral view of pupal-adult mosaic grade IV, 10 μg/μL, third instar day 1. (Bar = 1 mm; red arrow pointing out the deformities. Ad Sg = adult segmentation, Ct Pm = contracted puparium, Cy W = cylindrical wings, Eg Pm = elongated puparium, Mp Pri = mouthparts primordial, P Ab = pupal abdomen, P H = pupal head, P Th = pupal thorax, Pg E = pigmented eyes, T L = tanned legs, Tu L = tubular legs, Un Ab = untanned abdomen, Un E = untanned eyes, Un Pm = untanned puparium, Und G = undeveloped genitalia)