Toxicity and insect growth regulatory activities of medicinal plant, Withania somnifera, in flesh fly, Sarcophaga ruficornis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)

The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology

Table 1 Effect of topical administration of root extracts of Withania somnifera to third instar day 0–3 larvae of Sarcophaga ruficornis (n = 15; replication = 3)

Age of larvae	Dose (μg·μL^-1)	Larval mortality (%)	Abnormal pupariation (%)	Normal pupariation (%)	Pupal mortality (%)	Pupal-adult mosaics (%)	Adult emergence (%)
							Normal adults (%)	Adultoids (%)
Third instar day 0	0	0	0	100	0	0	100	0
	5	22.22	11.11	66.66	8.88	31.11	13.33	13.33
	10	31.11	15.55	53.33	13.33	22.22	11.11	6.66
	15	37.77	26.66	35.55	17.77	6.66	4.44	6.66
	20	44.44	33.33	22.22	20.00	0.00	0.00	2.22
		(r = 0.96)^c	(r = 0.99)^a	(r = − 0.98)^b	(r = 0.97)^b	(r = − 0.28)	(r = − 0.79)	(r = − 0.07)
Third instar day 1	0	0	0	100	0	0	100	0
	5	15.55	15.55	68.88	11.11	24.44	20.00	15.55
	10	22.22	15.55	62.22	13.33	24.44	11.11	15.55
	15	28.88	22.22	48.88	17.77	20.00	4.44	6.66
	20	35.55	28.88	35.55	22.22	2.22	0.00	11.11
		(r = 0.98)^b	(r= 0.95)^c	(r = − 0.97)^b	(r = 0.97)^b	(r = − 0.00)	(r = − 0.82)	(r = 0.32)
Third instar day 2	0	0	0	100	0	0	100	0
	5	8.88	17.77	71.11	13.33	24.44	20.00	15.55
	10	15.55	17.77	66.66	20.00	20.00	11.11	15.55
	15	22.22	31.11	46.66	22.22	13.33	4.44	6.66
	20	28.88	37.77	33.33	24.44	2.22	0.00	4.44
		(r = 1.0)^a	(r = 0.97)^b	(r = − 0.98)^b	(r = 0.93)^c	(r = − 0.10)	(r = − 0.82)	(r = − 0.0002)
Third instar day 3	0	0	0	100	0	0	100	0
	5	4.44	22.22	73.33	15.55	28.88	15.55	13.33
	10	8.88	24.44	66.66	20.00	20.00	13.33	13.33
	15	15.55	35.55	48.88	22.22	6.66	8.88	11.11
	20	22.22	40.00	37.77	24.44	0.00	0.00	13.33
		(r = 0.99)^a	(r = 0.95)^c	(r = − 0.98)^b	(r = 0.90)a	(r = − 0.27)	(r = − 0.80)	(r = 0.67)