Table 5 Seasonal composition of Four-horned Antelope (T. quadricornis) diet in the tropical deciduous forest of southern Rajasthan, India (L= leaves, B=buds, T=twigs, FL=flower, FF=fleshy fruit, DF=Dry fruit/pod). Data is presented in number of feeding records (percentage)
Plant category | Family | Species | Food item | Feeding record (%) | Feeding records per season (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Summer | Monsoon | Winter | |||||
Total number of feeding records | 532 (100) | 242 (45.5) | 119 (22.4) | 171 (32.1) | |||
Monocot | Poaceae | Aristida adscensionis* | L | 20(3.76) | 5(2.07) | 6(5.04) | 9(5.26) |
Cenchrus ciliaris * | L | 8(1.50) | - | 6(5.04) | 2(1.17) | ||
Cynodon dactylon* | L | 16(3.01) | 1(0.41) | 8(6.72) | 7(4.09) | ||
Digitaria ciliaris* | L | 4(0.75) | - | 4(3.36) | - | ||
Digitaria longiflora* | L | 5(0.94) | 5(2.07) | - | - | ||
Heteropogon contortus* | L | 8(1.5) | - | 8(6.72) | - | ||
Themeda triandra* | L | 12(2.26) | 2(0.83) | 7(5.88) | 3(1.75) | ||
Sehima nervosum* | L | 2(0.38) | 1(0.41) | 1(0.84) | |||
Dichanthium annulatum* | L | 3(0.56) | 1(0.41) | 1(0.84) | 1(0.58) | ||
Eremopogon foveolatus* | L | 3(0.56) | 1(0.41) | 2(1.68) | - | ||
Apluda mutica* | L | 7(1.32) | 6(2.48) | 1(0.84) | - | ||
Dendrocalamus strictus § | L | 18(3.38) | 1(0.41) | - | 17(9.94) | ||
Asparagaceae | Asparagus racemosus ↑ | L | 1(0.19) | - | 1(0.84) | - | |
Dicot | Acanthaceae | Justicia simplex ↓ | L | 1(0.19) | - | 1(0.84) | - |
Barleria cristata § | L | 2(0.38) | 2(0.83) | - | - | ||
Amaranthaceae | Achyranthes aspera ↓ | L | 2(0.38) | 2(0.83) | - | - | |
Anacardiaceae | Rhus mysorensis § | L | 3(0.56) | 3(1.24) | - | - | |
Lannea coromandelica # | L,B,T,FF | 10(1.88) | 9(3.72) | - | 1(0.58) | ||
Apocynaceae | Wrightia tinctoria # | L,B,T,FF | 14(2.63) | 10(4.13) | 1(0.84) | 3(1.75) | |
Boraginaceae | Cordia dichotoma # | L,B,T,FF | 4(0.75) | 2(0.83) | 1(0.84) | 1(0.58) | |
Burseraceae | Boswellia serrata # | L,B,T,FF | 4(0.75) | 4(1.65) | - | - | |
Capparaceae | Capparis sepiaria § | L,FL | 11(2.07) | 7(2.89) | 1(0.84) | 3(1.75) | |
Combretaceae | Anogeissus acuminata # | L,B,T,FL | 16(3.01) | 4(1.65) | 3(2.52) | 9(5.26) | |
Terminalia bellerica # | L,B,T,FF | 6(1.13) | 4(1.65) | - | 2(1.17) | ||
Terminalia crenulata # | L,B,T,FF | 7(1.37) | 7(2.89) | - | - | ||
Euphorbiaceae | Mallotus philippensis # | L,B,T,FF | 2(0.38) | 2(0.83) | - | - | |
Fabaceae | Desmodium dichotomum ↓ | L | 2(0.38) | 2(0.83) | - | - | |
Cassia pumila ↓ | L | 3(0.56) | 1(0.41) | - | 2(1.17) | ||
Dichrostachys cinerea § | L,DF | 19(3.57) | 11(4.55) | 1(0.84) | 7(4.09) | ||
Acacia catechu # | L,DF | 15(2.82) | 7(2.89) | 3(2.52) | 5(2.92) | ||
Acacia leucophloea # | L,DF | 28(5.26) | 12(4.96) | 7(5.88) | 9(5.26) | ||
Acacia nilotica # | L,DF | 11(2.07) | 8(3.31) | - | 3(1.75) | ||
Acacia senegal # | L,DF | 8(1.5) | 6(2.48) | - | 2(1.17) | ||
Albizia lebbeck # | L,DF | 6(1.13) | 3(1.24) | - | 3(1.75) | ||
Bauhinia racemosa # | L,DF | 13(2.44) | 4(1.65) | 9(7.56) | - | ||
Bauhinia variegata # | L,B,T,DF | 8(1.5) | 5(2.07) | - | 3(1.75) | ||
Butea monosperma # | L,B,T,FL,DF | 21(3.95) | 9(3.72) | 5(4.09) | 7(4.09) | ||
Cassia fistula # | L,B,T | 9(1.69) | 2(0.83) | 2(1.68) | 5(2.92) | ||
Dalbergia sissoo # | L,DF | 5(0.94) | 3(1.24) | - | 2(1.17) | ||
Albizia odoratissima # | L,DF | 3(0.56) | 2(0.83) | - | 1(0.58) | ||
Pithecellobium dulce # | L | 6(1.13) | 4(1.65) | - | 2(1.17) | ||
Prosopis cineraria # | L,DF | 7(1.32) | 5(2.07) | - | 2(1.17) | ||
Tamarindus indica # | L | 4(0.75) | 4(1.65) | - | - | ||
Lamiaceae | Clerodendrum phlomidis § | L,FL | 2(0.38) | 2(0.83) | - | - | |
Meliaceae | Soymida febrifuga # | L,B,T,FF | 2(0.38) | 1(0.41) | - | 1(0.58) | |
Malvaceae | Grewia hirsuta § | L, FF | 13(2.44) | 7(2.89) | 1(0.84) | 5(2.92) | |
Helicteres isora § | L,B,T,DF | 21(3.95) | 13(5.37) | - | 8(4.68) | ||
Bombax ceiba # | L,B,T,FL | 5(0.94) | 5(2.07) | - | - | ||
Moraceae | Ficus racemosa # | L,B,T,FF | 15(2.82) | 10(4.13) | 2(1.68) | 3(1.75) | |
Ficus religiosa # | L,B,T,FF | 5(0.94) | 1(0.41) | - | 4(2.34) | ||
Oleaceae | Nyctanthes arbor-tristis § | L | 4(0.75) | - | - | 4(2.34) | |
Phyllanthaceae | Bridelia retusa # | NL,B,T | 1(0.19) | 1(0.41) | - | - | |
Emblica officinalis # | L,FF | 6(1.13) | 3(1.24) | - | 3(1.75) | ||
Rhamnaceae | Ziziphus nummularia § | L,FF | 18(3.38) | 1(0.41) | 8(6.72) | 9(5.26) | |
Ziziphus glabrata # | L,FF | 12(2.26) | - | 7(5.88) | 5(2.92) | ||
Ziziphus mauritiana # | L,FF | 16(3.01) | 2(0.83) | 9(7.56) | 5(2.92) | ||
Ziziphus xylopyrus # | L,FF | 21(3.95) | 5(2.07) | 10(8.4) | 6(3.51) | ||
Rubiaceae | Haldina cordifolia # | L | 2(0.38) | 1(0.41) | - | 1(0.58) | |
Hymenodictyon excelsum # | L,B,T | 2(0.38) | 1(0.41) | - | 1(0.58) | ||
Mitragyna parvifolia # | L,FF | 9(1.69) | 5(2.07) | 2(1.68) | 2(1.17) | ||
Rutaceae | Aegle marmelos # | L,B,T,FF | 7(1.32) | 4(1.65) | - | 3(1.75) | |
Salicaceae | Flacourtia indica # | L,B,T | 2(0.38) | 1(0.41) | 1(0.84) | - | |
Sapotaceae | Madhuca indica # | FL,FF | 12(2.26) | 12(4.96) | - | -- | |