Skip to main content
The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology
Download PDF

Evaluation of the insecticidal activity of the methanol extracts of Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) and Albizia lebbeck (Mimosaceae) on larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823

The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology volume 82, Article number: 64 (2021) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Vector-borne diseases are mostly transmitted by mosquitoes. Therefore, these mosquitoes constitute a socio-economic scourge. Due to the resistance of mosquitoes to synthetic chemical insecticides and the pollution they generate, this study was conducted to assess the larvicidal activity of plant crude extracts on larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus.

Results

Bioassays performed on larvae shown that the extract of Calotropis procera at 0.6 mg/mL recorded the highest mortality rate of 100% for L1, L2 and L3. However, the extract of Albizia lebbeck at 0.7 mg/mL recorded the highest mortality rate of 100% for all the four stages of larvae. Negative and positive controls recorded 16% and 100% mortalities, respectively, after 24 h of exposure. The extract of Calotropis procera recorded LC50 values as follows: 0.194, 0.251, 0.258 and 0.284 mg/mL for L1, L2, L3 and L4, respectively. The LC90 of Calotropis procera were: 0.340, 0.433, 0.444 and 0.502 mg/mL for L1, L2, L3 and L4, respectively. In contrast, the extract of Albizia lebbeck recorded the following LC50: 0.238, 0.264, 0.290 and 0.316 mg/mL for L1, L2, L3 and L4, respectively. Also, its LC90 were: 0.456, 0.498, 0.531 and 0.580 mg/mL, respectively, to L1, L2, L3 and L4.

Conclusion

The larvicidal bioassays performed revealed that these plant extracts have significant larvicidal properties. In the framework of fighting against vector-borne diseases, these two plants constitute alternative products to control mosquitoes.

Background

Vector-borne diseases remain a gripping problem for developing countries. Most of the pathogens of these diseases are transmitted by mosquitoes (Hamon et al., 1967). Among the species that are incriminated, Culex quinquefasciatus (Belkin, 1977; Harbach, 2012; Sirivanakarn & White, 1978) is well adapted to urban areas, particularly in most of African cities (Hamon et al., 1967; Chauvet et al., 1968). This vector transmits many diseases to human and animals (Aubry & Gaüzère, 2020; Fadila et al., 2012; Hamon et al., 1967). It is well known that this species is the main vector of filariasis (Hammantha & Subrahmanyam, 1969; Hamon et al., 1967; Madhi et al., 1963; Sajal & Probal, 2016). According to Sajal and Probal (2016), it is the potential vector of several arboviruses such as West Nile virus and Rift Valley fever virus. Many other authors also demonstrated that mosquitoes of this genus are vectors of the equine encephalitis: the Saint Louis encephalitis (Hill & Connelly, 2009; Khalil et al., 2008) and the avian malaria (Albuquerque et al., 1999).

Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus is very widespread in all the states of intertropical Africa (Hamon et al., 1967). In Africa, this mosquito poses a serious public health problem (Hamon et al., 1967). According to WHO (2010), lymphatic filariasis affects around 120 million people in 81 countries. About 40 million people suffer from stigmatization and debilitating clinical manifestations associated with this disease, including 15 million individuals suffering from lymphedema (elephantiasis) and 25 million men afflicted with urogenital hydrocele. In Cameroon, the total number of people needing massive administration of drugs against lymphatic filariasis was 16.968.062 in 2015. And the notified number of people treated the same year was 11.021.942 (WHO, 2016).

In addition to diseases, this species is at the origin of various nuisances such as bites which irritated the skin and noises they produced always disturb sleep. Thus, its nuisances and diseases transmitted to human and animals make its struggle a major concern. However, the most effective means of mosquito control is the use of synthetic chemical insecticides (Brengues & Coosemans, 1977; El Joubari et al., 2015; WHO, 2008). In Cameroon, Cx. quinquefasciatus shows resistance to organochlorine and organophosphorus insecticides due to extension and intense multiplication of mosquitoes (Darriet, 2007; Mouchet et al., 1985; Nchoutpouen et al., 2019). Thus, a high frequency of the West African kdr allele was recorded in Cx. quinquefasciatus resistant (Nchoutpouen et al., 2019). Synthetic chemical insecticides have negative impact to the environment and they are inducing environmental pollution due to their toxicity and their accumulation (Lévéque, 1990). The impact of chemical insecticides on the environment and the resistance of mosquitoes to synthetic chemical insecticides now limit their use. This explains the galloping interest of researchers for alternative methods (Brengues, 1978; Lévéque, 1990). Regarding alternative methods using plant extracts for vector control, several authors obtained satisfying results. According to Aouinty et al. (2006), aqueous extract of Ricinus communis and Tetraclinis articulata leaves exhibit an insecticidal activity on larvae of four mosquito’s species. Hence, these plants can be used as alternative methods to fight against mosquitoes. In addition, essential oils from Citrus sinensis, Citrus aurantium and Pistacia lentiscus have shown larvicidal activity against larvae of stages 3 and 4 of Culex pipiens (Mohamed Yassine et al., 2014). According to Akpo et al. (2017), the acetone extract of the leaves of Tephrosia vogelii has a biocidal action on the larvae of stages 2, 3 and 4 of Anopheles gambiae of reference sensitive strain and of the wild strain after 24 h and 48 h of exposure. Moreover, all larval stages of Anopheles gambiae are susceptible to the aqueous extract of Persea americana (Koua, 1994). In the same line, we conducted a study to assess the larvicidal efficacy of the plant extracts from Calotropis procera and Albizia lebbeck against Cx. quinquefasciatus.

Methods

Collection of plant material

Plants were chosen for their traditional use as insect repellent. Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) and Albizia lebbeck (Mimosaceae) leaves were harvested on September 2016, respectively, at Comice and Zokok neighborhoods in Maroua; Cameroon. The identification was confirmed at the National Herbarium of Cameroon, Yaounde by comparison with specimens of C. procera and A. lebbeck with voucher numbers No 7808/SRF/Cam and No 58964/HNC, respectively.

Preparation of plant extracts

The preparation of plant extracts was carried out according to the methods adopted by Jones and Kinghorn (2005), Thiaw (2008) and Kumar et al. (2014) with some modifications. The air-dried leaves of both plants were powdered and extracted thrice with methanol at room temperature for 48, 96 and 144 h, respectively. The filtrates were evaporated on a Rota vapor to give the methanol extracts. 1960 g of C. procera yielded 219.55 g of extract, while 2133 g of A. lebbeck afforded 224.18 g of extract. To prepare the stock solution of each plant extract, 200 mg of each crude extract was dissolved in 20 mL of methanol. The resulting stock solutions of 10 mg/mL were used for the preparation of seven ranges of concentrations. These concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 0.7 mg/mL.

Mosquito rearing

Culex quinquefasciatus larvae were collected from untreated lodgings in Lopéré neighborhood in Maroua; Cameroon. Larvae were identified in the laboratory of the Agricultural Research Institute for Development (IRAD) of Maroua using the identification keys of Edwards (1941), Hopkins (1952), Mattingly (1971) and Jupp (1996). The mosquito rearing was carried out as described by Rahuman et al. (2009), Saotoing et al. (2014) and Rathy et al. (2015) with slight modifications. The larvae were reared in the insectarium of that laboratory in plastic containers (20 × 10 × 10 cm). Larval density was 100 larvae for 1 L of spring water. The food used was Tetra Baby fish food. Pupae were transferred from the trays to the cup containing borehole water and maintained in breeding cages where adults emerged. Adults were maintained in cages made up of wood, entirely covered with a mosquito net. They were continuously fed with 10% sucrose solution in a jar with a cotton wick. After four days, adult females were fed with blood meal from rabbit. Plastic cups with 100 mL of borehole water lined with filter paper were kept inside the cages for oviposition.

Larvicidal bioassays

Larvicidal tests were carried out according to the protocol recommended by the WHO (2005) and WHO (2013). Methanol extracts of Calotropis procera and Albizia lebbeck were tested against first (L1), second (L2), third (L3) and fourth (L4) stage larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus. These larvae were taken from the breeding strain. These bioassays were carried out using the seven concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7 mg/mL) previously prepared from a stock solution of each plant crude extract. These concentrations were determined according to the method used by Brehima (2008). For bioassays, 25 mosquito larvae were taken in four batches and inserted into 50 mL of distilled water together with the volume of specific stock solution. Then, the volume was adjusted to 100 mL with distilled water and kept at room temperature. The negative control was consisted of 25 larvae, a volume of methanol equivalent to the volume of the stock solution sampled for each concentration and distilled water to make up the volume to 100 mL. Methyl pirimiphos was used as a positive control. According to WHO (2008), methyl pirimiphos is an organophosphorus compound used in wide range of pesticide applications. It was considered by WHO as a larvicidal treatment. The positive control was made up of 25 larvae with 99 mL of distilled water and 1 mL of a solution of 0.1 g/L (i.e. 1 mg/L) of methyl pirimiphos. The test was repeated four times. Larval mortality was evaluated after 24 h of exposure. The number of dead larvae was recorded from the average of the four replications, with calculations of the mortality rate. When the percentage mortality was between 5 and 20% in control, mortality was corrected by the Abbott’s formula (Abbott, 1925).

Data analysis

The analysis of variance was performed by the ANOVA method using the STAT GRAPHICS plus 5.0 software. The Chi-square and fiducidal limits values were calculated using the Excel program. The Henry simplified table that transforms the percentages of larval mortality into probit was used to determine the lethal concentration required to kill 50% (LC50) and 90% (LC90) of larvae (Finney, 1971).

Results

The results obtained in this study revealed that the methanol extracts of Calotropis procera and Albizia lebbeck have a toxic effect on the Culex quinquefasciatus larvae through the larval mortality they induced.

Effects of methanol extract of Calotropis procera against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae

The crude extract of Calotropis procera showed larvicidal effects after 24 h of exposure.

The mortality rate of Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae increases with the concentration of the crude extract of C. procera (Fig. 1). However, the highest mortality rate of 100% was recorded at 0.6 mg/mL for L1, L2 and L3. But the highest mortality rate of 97.61% was recorded at 0.7 mg/mL for L4. At 0.1 mg/mL, the extract exhibited lowest mortality rate of 14%, 11%, 9% and 6%, respectively, for L1, L2, L3 and L4. Larval mortality decreases from first stage larvae to fourth stage larvae.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Larval mortality based on concentrations of extract of Calotropis procera after 24 h of exposure

Full size image

The lethal concentration causing 50% mortality (LC50) and lethal concentration causing 90% mortality (LC90) values are shown in Table 1. The extract of Calotropis procera recorded LC50 values ranged as follows: 0.194 mg/mL for L1, 0.251 mg/mL for L2, 0.258 mg/mL for L3 and 0.284 mg/mL for L4. The LC90 of Calotropis procera were: 0.340 mg/mL, 0.433 mg/mL, 0.444 mg/mL and 0.502 mg/mL for L1, L2, L3 and L4, respectively. The lowest LC50 and LC90 values were observed at the first stage larvae (L1). But, the highest LC50 and LC90 values were observed at the fourth stage larvae (L4).

Table 1 Larvicidal activity of Calotropis procera crude extract on Culex quinquefasciatus at different concentrations
Full size table

Furthermore, Table 1 shows the larval mortality rates, the Chi-square values, the LC50 and LC90 with fiducidal limits at the 95% confidence interval. The highest upper fiducidal limits of LC50 and LC90 were 0.314 mg/mL and 0.652 mg/mL for L4 (P < 0.05). The lowest upper fiducidal limits of LC50 and LC90 were 0.215 mg/mL and 0.415 mg/mL for L1 (P < 0.05). The highest lower fiducidal limits of LC50 and LC90 were 0.257 mg/mL and 0.386 mg/mL for L4 (P < 0.05). The lowest lower fiducidal limits of LC50 and LC90 were 0.174 mg/mL and 0.278 mg/mL for L1 (P < 0.05). The Chi-square values were: 41.24, 71.75, 61.22 and 52.79 for L1, L2, L3 and L4, respectively.

Effects of methanol extract of Albizia lebbeck against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae

The crude extract of Albizia lebbeck showed larvicidal effects after 24 h of exposure. The mortality rate of Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae increases with the concentration of the crude extract of A. lebbeck (Fig. 2). However, the highest mortality rate of 100% was recorded at 0.7 mg/mL treatment concentration for all the four stages of larvae. At 0.1 mg/mL, the extract showed lowest mortality rate of 16%, 12%, 7% and 4%, respectively, for L1, L2, L3 and L4. Larval mortality decreases from first stage larvae to fourth stage larvae.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Larval mortality based on concentrations of extract of Albizia lebbeck after 24 h of exposure

Full size image

The lethal concentration causing 50% mortality (LC50) and lethal concentration causing 90% mortality (LC90) values are shown in Table 2. The extract of Albizia lebbeck recorded the following LC50 values: 0.238 mg/mL for L1, 0.264 mg/mL for L2, 0.290 mg/mL for L3 and 0.316 mg/mL for L4. Also, its LC90 were: 0.456 mg/mL, 0.498 mg/mL, 0.531 mg/mL and 0.580 mg/mL, respectively, to L1, L2, L3 and L4. The lowest LC50 and LC90 values were observed at the first stage larvae (L1). These values were increasing until the fourth stage larvae (L4).

Table 2 Larvicidal activity of Albizia lebbeck crude extract on Culex quinquefasciatus at different concentrations
Full size table

Furthermore, Table 2 presents the larval mortality rates, the Chi-square values, the LC50 and LC90 with fiducidal limits at the 95% confidence interval. The highest upper fiducidal limits of LC50 and LC90 were 0.352 mg/mL for L4 and 0.983 mg/mL for L1, respectively (P < 0.05). The lowest upper fiducidal limits of LC50 and LC90 were 0.288 mg/mL for L1 and 0.753 mg/mL for L3, respectively (P < 0.05). The highest lower fiducidal limits of LC50 and LC90 were 0.284 mg/mL and 0.437 mg/mL for L4 (P < 0.05). The lowest lower fiducidal limits of LC50 and LC90 were 0.196 mg/mL and 0.208 mg/mL for L1 (P < 0.05). The Chi-square values were: 27.20, 25.26, 27.39 and 17.01 for L1, L2, L3 and L4, respectively.

Discussion

It is evident from these results that the higher concentration of plant extracts induces higher mortality of Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. Since the P-value in the ANOVA table is less than 0.01, there is a statistically significant relationship existing between mortality and concentration at 99% confidence level. So, the larval mortality rate increases with the concentration of crude plant extracts. According to Merabti et al. (2015), similar evolution was obtained between mortality rate and concentrations from the effect of the fruit extract of C. colocynthis (L) on Culicidae larvae. The studies carried out by Kemassi et al. (2015) showed similar results on evaluation of the larvicidal effect of E. guyoniana (Euphorbiaceae) aqueous extract on Cx. pipiens.

The crude methanol extracts of C. procera and A. lebbeck showed larvicidal activity on Cx. quinquefasciatus after 24 h of exposure. In fact, mortality rate decreases with the larval age. In other words, mortality is higher in L1 larvae than in L4 larvae. The sensitivity of the larvae depends on their stages of development. Thus, the immature larvae stages (L1 and L2) are more sensitive to plant extracts than old larvae stages (L3 and L4). Furthermore, larval mortality of Cx. quinquefasciatus fluctuates with the concentrations of crude plant extracts. These results are similar to those obtained in Morocco by El-Akhal et al. (2015) which reveal that larval mortality in larval stages 3 and 4 of Cx. pipiens varies with the concentrations of essential oils of Thymus vulgaris. In addition, Singh et al. (2005) revealed that the methanol extracts of fresh leaves of Calotropis procera showed larvicidal properties against larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus after 24 and 72 h of exposure. However, our results corroborate with those obtained by Singh et al. (2005) but they did not determine the LC50 values after 24 h. Some nuances observed might probably due to the fact that they used the fresh leaves while we used the dried leaves of the same plant. According to Rahuman et al. (2009), methanol leaf extracts of Acacia arabica, Mangifera indica, Nerium indicum, Nicotiana tabacum and Solanum nigrum showed mortality of L4 larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus at 1000 ppm, after 24 h of exposure. However, these extracts recorded a mortality of 28%, 08%, 28%, 100% and 90%, respectively.

In Mali, according to Dahafolo (2009), dichloromethane, petroleum ether, ethanol and methanol extracts of C. procera showed a larvicidal activity on the Anopheles gambiae larvae after 24 h of exposure. Furthermore, larvicidal effect of these two methanol extracts showed a high mortality rate above 75% at 0.5 mg/mL. According to studies conducted in Mali, methanol extracts of C. procera showed a lower mortality rate of around 51% at the same concentration (500 µg/mL) (Dahafolo, 2009). Larvicidal activity was monitored against 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar larvae of Anopheles arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciatus 24 h after treatment with Calotropis procera extracts. High, medium and low larval mortality was obtained using three different concentrations of extracts (1000, 500, 200 ppm for An. arabiensis and 1000, 500, 100 ppm for Cx. quinquefasciatus) (Elimam et al., 2009). According to Govindarajan and Rajeswary (2015), hexane, benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from Albizia lebbeck leaf and seed were tested for toxicity against Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi. All five solvent extracts showed moderate ovicidal activity; however, the methanol extract showed the highest ovicidal activity. Thus, 100% mortality was observed at 250, 200 and 150 ppm for the methanol leaf extract and 375, 300 and 225 ppm for the methanol extract of A. lebbeck seed against Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi, respectively. The insecticidal activity would be due to the cardenolides and cardiotonic glycosides (calotoxin, calotropin, uscharidine) contained in the latex of C. procera (Traoré, 2009). This would also be due to the terpenoids, saponins and pyridine glycosides present in A. lebbeck (Sujatha et al., 2013). However, insecticidal activity depends on the specificity of mosquito species and life stage, solvents used for extraction and the geographical source from where the plants compounds are derived (Sukumar et al., 1991).

The methanol extract of C. procera and A. lebbeck leaves has significant larvicidal activity with LC50 values of 0.194 mg/mL for L1, 0.251 mg/mL for L2, 0.258 mg/mL for L3 and 0.284 mg/mL for L4. The LC90 of Calotropis procera were: 0.340 mg/mL, 0.433 mg/mL, 0.444 mg/mL and 0.502 mg/mL for L1, L2, L3 and L4, respectively. The extract of Albizia lebbeck recorded the following LC50 values: 0.238 mg/mL for L1, 0.264 mg/mL for L2, 0.290 mg/mL for L3 and 0.316 mg/mL for L4. Its LC90 were: 0.456 mg/mL, 0.498 mg/mL, 0.531 mg/mL and 0.580 mg/mL, respectively, to L1, L2, L3 and L4. These results are close to those obtained by Elimam et al. (2009) on the larvicidal activity against the 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus and therefore the calculated LC50-LC90 values were 187.93–433.51 ppm; 218.27–538.27 and 264.85–769.13 ppm for the 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively. In Mali, studies based on the dichloromethane extract of C. procera leaves on Anopheles gambiae larvae revealed that this plant species has a high larvicidal activity with LC50 of 372.5 μg/mL (Dahafolo, 2009). By comparing these results, it appears that the methanol extract of C. procera leaves has a higher toxic potential than that of the dichloromethane extract of C. procera leaves on mosquito larvae. This difference would be due to the nature of the extraction solvent used. In Algeria, Kemassi et al. (2015) observed that aqueous extract of Euphorbia guyoniana exhibits larvicidal activity against Cx. pipiens stage 3 larvae (LC50 = 0.0015 mg/mL and LC90 = 0.0094 mg/mL). By comparing these results with ours, it appears that methanol extracts of Calotropis procera and Albizia lebbeck are less toxic than the aqueous extract of Euphorbia guyoniana. This is explained by the fact that the aqueous extract of Euphorbia guyoniana registers lower LC50 values than our both plant extracts. Rahuman et al. (2009) revealed that Nicotiana tabacum leaf extracts exhibited the highest larval mortality against the 4th instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus. Thus, the LC50 and LC90 were: acetone (LC50 = 163.81 ppm; LC90 = 627.38 ppm); hot water (LC50 = 76.27 ppm; LC90 = 334.72 ppm); methanol (LC50 = 105.85 ppm; LC90 = 524.39 ppm) and chloroform (LC50 = 83.38 ppm; LC90 = 709.51 ppm). In Cameroon, the larvicidal tests carried out show that the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus leaves is more active on stage 3 and stage 4 of Anopheles funestus s.s. larvae with LC50 of 35.5 ppm and 34.6 ppm, respectively (Akono Ntonga et al., 2014). These results are different from ours; this disparity would be linked to the nature of the plant species, to the type of extracts tested and to the extraction process.

Conclusion

This study revealed that methanol extracts of C. procera and A. lebbeck leaves exhibited larvicidal activity on Cx. quinquefasciatus. The mortality rate increases with concentration. These plants are less toxic to humans and the environment. They are available and abundant in the city of Maroua. Therefore, it would be necessary to popularize their use in the fight against mosquito vectors of diseases.

Availability of data and materials

Data are available and will be made available to all.

Abbreviations

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

Ae. :

Aedes

A. Lebbeck :

Albizia lebbeck

An. :

Anopheles

C. procera :

Calotropis procera

Cx.:

Culex

kdr:

Knock-down resistance

L1:

First stage larvae

L2:

Second stage larvae

L3:

Third stage larvae

L4:

Fourth stage larvae

LC50 :

Lethal concentration causing 50% of mortality

LC90 :

Lethal concentration causing 90% of mortality

mg:

Milligram

mL:

Milliliter

N. control mortality:

Negative control mortality

P. control mortality:

Positive control mortality

References

  • Abbott, W. S. (1925). A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Entomology, 18, 265–267.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akono Ntonga, P., Baldovini, N., Mouray, E., Mambu, L., Belong, P., & Grellier, P. (2014). Activity of Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum canum, and Cymbopogon citratus essential oils against Plasmodium falciparum and mature-stage larvae of Anopheles funestus s.s. EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2014033

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akpo, A. A., Chougourou, D. C., Anagonou, R., Osse, R. A., Kpoviessi, D. A., Dossou, J., Salako, A., & Akogbéto, M. (2017). Etude de l’efficacité de l’extrait des feuilles de Tephrosia vogelii Hook.f Pour le contrôle de An. gambiae s.l Résistant aux Pyréthrinoïdes. European Journal of Scientific Research, 146(4), 433–443.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albuquerque, C. M. R., Cavalcanti, V. M. S., Melo, M. A. V., Vercosa, P., Regis, L. N., & Hurd, H. (1999). Blood meal microfilariae density and the uptake and establishment of Wuchereria bancrofti infections in Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. Memorias Do Institudo Oswaldo Cruz, 94(5), 591–596.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aouinty, B., Saadia, O., Fouad, M., & Saadia, M. (2006). Evaluation préliminaire de l’activité larvicide des extraits aqueux des feuilles du ricin (Ricinus communis L.) et du bois de thuya (Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast.) sur les larves de quatre moustiques Culicidés: Culex pipiens (Linné), Aedescaspius (pallas), Culiseta longiareolata (Aitken) et Anopheles maculipennis (Meigen). Biotechnologie Agronomie-Société Environnement, 10(2), 67–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aubry, P., & Gaüzère, B.-A. (2020). Médecine tropicale. Diplôme de médecine tropicale des pays de l’Océan Indien. Arboviroses tropicales. Mise à jour le 29/01/2020. Centre René Labusquière, Institut de Médecine Tropicale, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux (France). www.medecinetropicale.com. (Consulté le 28/07/20).

  • Belkin, J. N. (1977). Quinquefasciatus or Fatigans for the tropical (southern) house mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79(1), 45–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brehima, D. (2008). La susceptibilité des larves de Anopheles gambiae s.l. à des extraits de plantes médicinales du Mali (thèse de Doctorat). Université de Bamako, Mali (p. 132).

  • Brengues, J. (1978). Culex pipiens fatigans Wiedemann en Afrique tropicale: Son importance et son contrôle. Médecine Tropicale, 38(6), 691–694.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brengues, J., & Coosemans, M. (1977). Sensibilité et résistance des insectes aux insecticides en Afrique tropicale. Entomology, 77(12), 23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chauvet, G., & Rasoloniaina, L. D. G. (1968). Culex pipiens ssp. fatigans Wied. En milieu urbain à Madagascar. Cahier ORSTOM Série Entomologie Médicale, VI(2), 145–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahafolo, K. (2009). Etude de la phytochimie et des activités larvicide, anticholinesterasique et antioxydante des extraits de quatre plantes du Mali: Acacia nilotica Guill. et Perr. (Mimosaceae), Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait.f. (Asclepiadaceae), Euphorbia sudanica A. Chev (Euphorbiaceae) et Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit (Lamiaceae) (thèse de Doctorat). Université de Bamako, Mali (p. 123).

  • Darriet, F. (2007). Moustiquaires et résistance des moustiques aux insecticides. IRD éditions (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), Collection Didactiques (p. 54). Paris: IRD.

  • Edwards, F. W. (1941). Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. III. Culicine adults and pupae. Deputy Keeper of Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History) (pp. 242–409).

  • El-Akhal, F., Greche, H., Ouazzani Chahdi, F., Guemmouh, R., & El Ouali Lalami, A. (2015). Composition chimique et activité larvicide sur Culex pipiens d’huile essentielle de Thymus vulgaris cultivées au Maroc. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 6(1), 214–219.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elimam, A. M., Elmalik, K. H., & Ali, F. S. (2009). Efficacy of leaves extract of Calotropis procera Ait. (Asclepiadaceae) in controlling Anopheles arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 16, 95–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2009.10.007

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • El Joubari, M., Faraj, C., Louah, A., & Himmi, O. (2015). Sensibilité des moustiques Anopheles labranchia, Culex pipiens, Ochlerotatus detritus et Ochlerotatus caspius de la région de Smir (Nord-Ouest du Maroc) aux organophosphorés utilisés en santé publique. Environ Risque Santé, 14, 72–79. https://doi.org/10.1684/ers.2014.0755

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fadila, A., Ghazi, K., Ali, B., Adel, R., Jabeur, D., Zoubir, H., Said-Chawki, B., Mhamed, T., Mhammed, S., & Anna-Bella, F. (2012). Culex pipiens, an experimental efficient vector of West Nile and Rift valley fever viruses in the Maghreb region. PLoS ONE, 7(5), e36757. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.003675

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finney, D. J. (1971). Probit analysis (3rd ed., pp. 68–72). University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Govindarajan, M., & Rajeswary, M. (2015). Ovicidal and adulticidal potential of leaf and seed extract of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (Family: Fabaceae) against Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitology Research, 114, 1949–1961. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4384-4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammantha, R. R., & Subrahmanyam, D. (1969). Characterization of phospholipase B of Culex pipiens fatigans. Journal of Lipid Research, 10, 636–641.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamon, J., Burnett, G. F., Adam, J. P., Rickenbach, A., & Grjebine, A. (1967). Culex pipiens fatigans Wiedemann, Wuchereria bancrofti Cobbold, et le développement économique de l’Afrique tropicale. Bulletin Organisation Mondiale Santé, 37, 217–237.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harbach, R. E. (2012). Culex pipiens: Species versus species complex-Taxonomic History and Perspective. The American Mosquito Control Association, 28, 10–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, S., & Connelly, R. (2009). «Features creatures: Southern house mosquito». University of Florida. Retrieved 19 March 2014.

  • Hopkins, G. H. E. (1952). Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. I. Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine (2nd ed). Late Senior Entomologist (Medical), Uganda; Honorary Associate of the British Museum (Natural History) (pp. 245–340).

  • Jones, W. P., & Kinghorn, A. D. (2005). Extraction of plant secondary metabolites. In S. D. Sarker, Z. Latif, & A. I. Gray (Eds.), Natural products isolation (2nd ed., pp. 323–331). Humana Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jupp, P. G. (1996). Mosquitoes of Southern Africa: Culicinae and Toxorhynchitinae (p. 155). Ekogilde Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemassi, A., Boukhari, K., Cherif, R., Ghada, K., Bendaken, N., Bouziane, N., Boual, Z., Bouras, N., Ould Elhadj-Khelil, A., & Ould Elhadj, M. D. (2015). Evaluation de l’effet larvicide de l’extrait aqueux de Euphorbia guyoniana (Boiss. & Reut.) (Euphorbiaceae). ElWahat pour les Recherches et les Etudes, 8(1), 44–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khalil, H.A.-A., Ayman, A.E.-B., Ahmed, H. A. E., Abdullah, M.A.-J., Saleem, F.A.-Z., & El-Kheir, D. I. (2008). A study on Culex species and Culex transmitted diseases in AL-Madinah, AL-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia. Parasitologist United Journal, 1(2), 101–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koua, K. H. (1994). Mise en évidence de l’activité larvicide de Persea americana sur Anopheles gambiae s.l., un moustique d’importance médicale (thèse de Doctorat 3ème cycle). Université Cocody Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (p. 123).

  • Kumar, A., Sukhthankar, J. H., Kumar, H., & Godinko, M. H. S. (2014). Larvicidal activity of methanolic leaf extracts of plant, Chromolaena odorata L. (Asteraceae) against vector mosquitoes. International Journal of Mosquito Research, 1(3), 33–38.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lévéque, C. (1990). Impact de la lutte anti vectorielle sur l’environnement aquatique. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée, 65, 119–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madhi, A., Guirguis, S. S., Kolta, S., & Soleit, A. (1963). Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, 38, 153–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattingly, P. F. (1971). Contributions à la faune des moustiques du Sud-Asiatique. XII. Clés illustrées des genres de moustiques. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 7(4), 1–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merabti, B., Lebouz, I., Adamou, A., & Ouakid, M. L. (2015). Effet toxique de l’extrait aqueux des fruits de Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad sur les larves des Culicidae. Revue des Bio Ressources, 5(2), 120–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohamed Yassine, S., Abdelhakim El Ouali, L., Hassan, G., Faouzi, E., Youssef, R. E. K., & Fouad Ouazzani, C. (2014). Activité larvicide des extraits de plantes aromatiques sur les larves de moustiques vecteurs de maladies parasitaires. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 7(3), 832–842.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mouchet, J., Germain, M., Cordellier, R., Pajot, F. X., & Vattier-Bernard, G. (1985). Résis-tance aux insecticides chez Culex pipiens fatigans Wied. et Aedes aegypti L. en Afrique centrale. O.R.S.T.O.M. Fonds documentaire, n°18693 cote: B (pp. 111–117).

  • Nchoutpouen, E., Talipouo, A., Djiappi-Tchamen, B., Djamouko-Djonkam, L., Kopya, E., Ngadjeu, C., Doumbe, B., Awono-Ambene, P., Kekeunou, S., Wondji, C., & Antonio-Nkondjio, C. (2019). Culex species diversity, susceptibility to insecticides and role as potential vector of Lymphatic filariasis in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007229

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rahuman, A. A., Bagavan, A., Kamaraj, C., Vadivelu, M., Abduz Zahir, A., Elango, G., & Pandiyan, G. (2009). Efficacy of larvicidal botanical extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitology Research, 104, 1365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-009-1337-9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rathy, M. C., Sajith, U., & Harilal, C. C. (2015). Larvicidal efficacy of medicinal plant extracts against the vector mosquito Aedes albopictus. International Journal of Mosquito Research, 2(2), 80–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sajal, B., & Probal, B. (2016). The Southern House Mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus: Profile of a smart vector. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 4(2), 73–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saotoing, P., Tchuenguem Fohouo, F.-N., Dawé, A., & Ngatarang, C. (2014). Évaluation de l’effet insecticide de l’extrait acétonique des feuilles séchées de Calotropis procera Ait. (Asclepiadaceae) chez les adultes de Anopheles gambiae, Maroua (Cameroun). International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 8(4), 1438–1444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, R. K., Mittal, P. K., & Dhiman, R. C. (2005). Laboratory study on larvicidal properties of leaf extract of Calotropis procera (Family-Asclepiadaceae) against mosquito larvae. Journal of Communicable Disease, 37(2), 109–113.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sirivanakarn, S., & White, G. B. (1978). Neotype designation of Culex quinquefasciatus say (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 80(3), 360–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sujatha, V., Kokila, K., & Deepika Priyadharshini, S. (2013). Phytopharmacological properties of Albizia species: A review. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(3), 70–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sukumar, K., Perich, M. N., & Boobar, L. R. (1991). Botanical derivatives in mosquito control: A review. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 7, 210–237.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thiaw, C. (2008). Bioactivité des extraits de Calotropis procera Ait. et de Senna occidentalis L. sur Caryedon serratus (OL.), ravageur des stocks et semences d’arachide au Sénégal (thèse de doctorat 3ième cycle). Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (p. 196).

  • Traoré, P. (2009). Etude de l’activité antioxydante et de la toxicité de quatre (04) plantes: Calotropis procera (Ait) (Asclepiadacées), Centauria perrottetii (Dc.) (Asteracées), Euphorbia sudanica A Chev (Euphorbiacées), Hyptis suaveolens Poit. (Lamiacées) (thèse de Doctorat). Université de Bamako, Mali (p. 112).

  • WHO. (2005). Guidelines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides (p. 41). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/69101.

  • WHO. (2008). Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 3rd edition including 1st and 2nd addenda.

  • WHO. (2010). Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. In Progress report 2000–2009 and strategic plan 2010–2020: halfway towards eliminating lymphatic filariasis (p. 78). Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44473/9789241500722.

  • WHO. (2013). Malaria entomology and vector control. Guide for participants. Training module on malaria control (p. 180). Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/85890/9789241505819.

  • WHO. (2016). Weekly epidemiological record. 39(91), 441–460. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/wer. Accessed 25 Sept 2017.

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Bahanewa Dazla Jean III, Koumaï Bello Lebon H., Guedong Mathurin and Mboukam G. Arielle, Master students, the Department of Chemistry, High Teachers’ Training College, the University of Maroua, for their assistance during the extraction process. We are also grateful to the University of Maroua for financing some consumables used in this work.

Funding

No funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon

    Modo Marc & Bakwo Fils Eric Moïse

  2. Department of Chemistry, High Teachers’ Training College, University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon

    Tatsimo Ndendoung Simplice Joël

  3. Department of Biological Sciences, High Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon

    Tamesse Joseph Lebel

Authors
  1. Modo Marc
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bakwo Fils Eric Moïse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Tatsimo Ndendoung Simplice Joël
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Tamesse Joseph Lebel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

MM, BFEM and TNSJ designed the work. Extractions were done under the supervision of TNSJ. Bioassays were performed by MM under the supervision of BFEM and TJL. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Modo Marc.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Marc, M., Moïse, B.F.E., Joël, T.N.S. et al. Evaluation of the insecticidal activity of the methanol extracts of Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) and Albizia lebbeck (Mimosaceae) on larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823. JoBAZ 82, 64 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-021-00262-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-021-00262-7

Keywords